Writin' 'bout the Religious Right
Frederick Clarkson printable version print page     Bookmark and Share
Fri Feb 02, 2007 at 09:16:58 PM EST
One of the challenges many of us have in writing -- and even attempting to have a conversation about the religious right and what to do about it, is that we lack a sufficiently common language with which to discuss it.

In the past, I have noted the unfortunate tendency of a lot of people, to seek one word or phrase -- as if a one size fits all term were somehow the answer. But in fact, there is no one term that could possibly cover the breadth and depth of what we need to be able to discuss, so using existing words and phrases well is far more important than finding the elusive magic label. And alas, just like anything else, it requires a little work and a little study. For example, it is important for many of us to get over the tendency to use fundamentalist interchangably with evangelical.  Similarly using either fundamentalist or evangelical as if either of them were synonymous with "religious right," is also a significant error.

For many people, acheiving basic literacy in the politically relevant material from the enormous variety of religious traditions in the U.S. can be daunting, even for those with a religious background.  What then to do?

Well, beyond gaining some foundational knowledge by reading some basic books about the religious right, there are fortunately, some handy online glossaries to help us sort out definitions and to guide us in matters of correct useage.  Each of these are works in progress, but taken together, they provide us with the tools we need to begin to construct the necessary vocabulary.

The blog and resource site Religious Right Watch has a glossary and discussions of some basic terms central to any serious discussion of the Religious Right, and includes helpful links to Wikipedia and authoratative online sources.

For example, a definition of religious right:

Religious Right A broad, varied collection of political movements of religious and social conservatives arising in the 1970's, and overwhelmingly American and Christian to the point of rendering the descriptions "Religious Right" and "Christian Right" effectively synonymous. (See: "Christian Right.") <christian_right.htm> However, the Religious Right can be said to exist comparatively weakly in nations other than the United States, including Canada and the United Kingdom, and to include individuals and movements informed by Judaism, Islam, Mormonism, and other faith traditions besides Christianity. In the United States, it is closely associated with the Republican Party. The vast majority of members of the Christian Right insist that the United States was founded as a Christian nation. (see AU.org Is America a 'Christian Nation'?")  

usage. Also "religious right."

"Proponents of using the term Religious Right argue that in addition to Christians, there are conservative Jews and Muslims active in a broad coalition. Opponents argue that Christians vastly outnumber Jews and Muslims in this coalition, and that using the term Religious Right masks this fact." (Wikipedia "religious right")

note. Not all religious conservatives are political conservatives; not all religious conservatives are members of the Religious Right.

Political Research Associates, a Somerville, Massachusetts-based think tank that studies rightwing movements, has a glossary  of terms that are used in the course of studying the broad, multifaceted right, including the religious right.

Here are some examples:  

Eschatology: The idea that there is an "end time" for the current historic epoch at which point the forces of evil will be vanquished and the forces for good rewarded. In Christianity, the study of Biblical prophesy regarding the end times.

Extremist: The term "extremist" is of dubious value and should be avoided used As sociologist Jerome Himmelstein argues, "At best this characterization tells us nothing substantive about the people it labels; at worst it paints a false picture. " (1998: 7).

Millennialism: A sense of expectation that a significant epochal transformation is imminent, marking either the end of a thousand year period, or signal its beginning, or both. Two major forms of millennialist response are passive waiting versus activist intervention. Can involve varying degres of apocalypticism. In Christianity, the idea that the Second Coming of Christ marks a thousand year period.

Millennialist variations in Christianity include:

--Pre-millennialism - Belief that Christ returns at the beginning of a thousand year period of peace and prosperity. Can foster passivity or intervention.

--Post-millennialism - Belief that Christ returns only after a thousand years of reign and rule by godly Christian men. Fosters intervention. See Reconstructionism.

--A-millennialism - Belief that Christ's eventual return cannot be anticipated, thus de-emphasizing it as a practical immediate consideration. Most a-millennialists believe that Christ's return ends history.

--Preterism - Belief that most or all of the millennium mentioned in Revelation and other books of the Bible already has occurred.

Reconstructionism: The most militant form of Protestant dominionism, arguing that the US Constitution is merely a codicil to Christian Biblical law. Rooted in Calvinist theonomy and the idea of America as a Christian redeemer nation. Sees religion, culture, and nation as an integral unit. A form of Christian nationalism, Reconstructionism echoes of the European clerical fascist movements of the 1930s. A post-millennial view urging militant Christian intervention in secular society since faithful men must reign and rule for a thousand years before Christ returns. Has no connection whatsoever with Jewish Reconstructionism.

And mainstream journalism is also tackling definitions and useage in a new online stylebook.

The Religion Newswriters Association, an organzation of professional journalists, has recently posted an online stylebook similar to those published by the Associated Press and The New York Times. It focuses on simple definitions and useage, and sometimes delves into thumnail history.

Religion Newswriters' Religion Stylebook is an easy-to-use, authoritative guide created for journalists who report on religion in the mainstream media. In it, you'll find:

Entries on the major religions, denominations, and religious organizations that journalists encounter in daily reporting;

Preferred spellings, capitalizations, and usage guidelines for religious terms, along with definitions;

Accurate titles for religious leaders in different traditions;
Pronunciation guides;

Entries on terms used in stories on current topics in the news, including abortion, homosexuality, church/state issues and intelligent design;
Entries on religion terms that are not included in The Associated Press Stylebook. The Religion Stylebook generally follows AP style but includes many terms it does not cover.

Here are a few examples:

faith-based: Term that came into popular use when President George W. Bush established the White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives in 2001. Generally, the adjective faith alone is preferred, as in faith groups instead of faith-based groups.

fundamentalism, fundamentalist: A Christian religious movement that began in the U.S. in the late 19th century and early 20th century to counter liberalism and secularism. It emphasized the inerrancy of the Bible. In recent years, fundamentalist and fundamentalism have become associated with any religious reactionary movement, such as Islamic fundamentalism. The words also have been used as pejoratives. Journalists often, and erroneously, label all conservative Christians, including conservative evangelicals, as fundamentalists. It is best to avoid the words unless a group applies the term to itself.

evangelical: By definition, all Christians are evangelicals. The word evangelical is derived from the Greek evangelion, which means "good news" or "gospel." But the term evangelical has generally come to mean Protestants who emphasize personal conversion; evangelism; the authority, primacy -- and, usually -- inerrancy of the Bible; and the belief that Jesus' death reconciled God and humans. Evangelicals tend to be conservative theologically, but the terms evangelical and conservative Christian are not synonymous, though they both may apply to the same people. Fundamentalists, who generally separate themselves from what they see as a sinful culture, are distinct from evangelicals, who tend to embrace culture and use it to build up the church. In the early 21st century, religious identification surveys show that between a quarter and 40 percent of the U.S. population claims the evangelical label. Many, though not all, also identify with a specific tradition or denomination, ranging from mainline Protestant denominations to the Roman Catholic Church. In Europe evangelical is a generic word for Protestants. Uppercase only when part of a formal name.

Since it is a work in progress and serves mainstream journalism, it is interesting to note what is not included, as well as what is.

I find that so far, it is helpful for definitions and useage of basic terms like menorah, non-denominational, or National Council of Churches, but it does not go into the major theological terms or factions with political implications, such as Premillenialism and Postmillenialism; Christian nationalism, Christian Idenitity, liberation theology, Christian Zionism, dominionism and Christian Reconstructionism.  Although there are discussions of the terms gay and lesbian, there is no mention of for example, of "reparative therapy" or "conversion therapy" the controversial notion that Christian conversion and counseling of a certain sort, can cure homosexuality,and is often in the news. (Then again, the other glossaries have not gotten to that one either although the Wikipedia, always a useful reference, has.)  There is a detailed definition for Opus Dei and its relation to The DaVinci Code, but there is no mention of Tim LaHaye and the Left Behind series of novels, movies and the video game. There are no definitions of secular, humanism, or secular humanism. And although elements of the story are reported by religion writers all the time, there is no defitition of the controversial rightwing "renewal groups," in mainline churches, and the group driving them -- the Institute on Religion and Democracy.  The terms theocracy, theocratic, and theonomy, have so far gone undefined, although they stand at the center of contemporary writing about religion and public affairs in the U.S. and internationally.  As a work in progress the Religion Newswriters Association invites comments and suggestions.

These online glossaries, each with their different emphases, are valuable tools for anyone seeking to write, speak and think clearly about the religious right, and religion and politics in general.




Display:
to take the language issues to greater common agreement about meaning and useage.

by Frederick Clarkson on Sat Feb 03, 2007 at 07:07:46 PM EST
"American fundamentalism." In writing my book, "Jesus Plus Nothing," which is in large part about mid-century Christian conservatives who were not even evangelicals -- many belonged to mainline denominations -- I struggled for a longtime over how to characterize what I saw as a "theocratic strand" running through American history. "Christian nationalism" is actually quite good, but I think most regular folks misunderstand it to suggest a certain xenophobic Americanism, when, as scholars use it, it refers to an internationalist perspective -- the idea of a Christian nation that exists beyond national boundaries. "Fundamentalism" is also a good -- a word that literally gets at what I think is the driving theological and cultural ideas of the movement I'm seeking to describe, a believe that there are fundamental truths that can be known. The qualifier of "American" suggests some of the American nationalism -- providentialism? -- that infuses it.

I think we err when we give up "fundamentalism" as a generic term because of its history. That, after all, is what the National Association of Evangelicals wanted when it formed in 1942 -- to escape the bad rep of "fundamentalist" without giving up the brute theology.
Author of THE FAMILY: The Secret Fundamentalism at the Heart of American Power (Harper, May 20)
by Jeff Sharlet on Sat Feb 03, 2007 at 08:37:24 PM EST
Parent



Good points, Frederick. There's also an interesting discussion of American fundamentalism at Wikipedia.

Correct me if I'm wrong, but it seems as if the politically active protestant groups that form the Republican base consist overwhelmingly of those groups that doctrinally subscribe to the idea of the literal truth of biblical scripture, in short, fundamentalism.

Insofar as that's true, it explains the Republican base's obsession with such faith-based concepts as creationism, homophobia, anti-choice, and pro-capital punishment for which they find justification in selected scriptural passages.

An often unexplored aspect of the Christian right's recruitment and indoctrination techniques is the degree to which they base at least part of their methodology on the literature gathered by the Army regarding so-called brain washing techniques practiced by the Chinese against POWs during the Korean War. If I recall correctly, there exists some documentation, for example, about Rev. Falwell's extensive study of this material while a student.

The great difficulty in discussing political issues which hinge on strongly held religious convictions, no matter how induced, is that there really is no middle ground, no basis for compromise, and certainly no prospect of one side convincing the other of the "error" of their ways. Usually the attempt is actually counterproductive.

In short, this appears to be a cat that requires a more subtle skinning technique, if there is such a thing.



by samt3 on Sun Feb 04, 2007 at 03:06:25 AM EST


WWW Talk To Action


Some Things Don't Change
This is a reprise of a piece I originally posted on May 16, 2007,titled: When Common Ground Means Capitulation -- to Falwell. It was......
By Frederick Clarkson (10 comments)
Adopting Bias: New Va. Rules Seek To Safeguard 'Faith-Based' Bigotry
Legislators and media pundits in Washington, D.C., continue to obsess over the birth control mandate in the new health care law and whether church-related......
By Rob Boston (4 comments)
GOP Candidates Embrace a Major Religious Right Narrative
Rick Santorum and Mitt Romney's demagogic claims that President Obama is engaged in a "war against religion" are as unsurprising as they are disturbing.......
By Frederick Clarkson (5 comments)
NAR Apostle Harold Caballeros Heads Guatemala Foreign Ministry
In January 2012, with the inauguration of former military general Otto Pérez Molina as Guatemala's president, NAR apostle Harold Caballeros took charge of Guatemala's......
By Bruce Wilson (2 comments)
As Eddie Long Controversy Grows, Video Emerges of 'Rabbi' Messer Wrapping Paula White in Torah
A Christian Post article dated February 5 is one of many reports of denials by televangelist Paula White and her attorney of any ties......
By Rachel Tabachnick (10 comments)
Garlow Introduced Gingrich, Called for Pastors Revolt Against IRS Rules at NAR Church in Nevada
On Friday night Newt Gingrich spoke at the "Prayer for America" event at the International Church of Las Vegas (ICLV) led by Apostle Paul......
By Rachel Tabachnick (3 comments)
A Must Read Book: "The Good News Club"
For anyone who wants to read a book that really goes inside the movement to indoctrinate children through our public schools, I highly recommend......
By Chris Rodda (3 comments)
More On Yale's Templeton-Funded "Spiritual Capital Initiative"
Should Chick-Fil-A be known for its extensive ties to, and funding of, some of the most aggressively anti-gay groups in America, as well as......
By Bruce Wilson (4 comments)
Gettting Well Versed
Michelle Boorstein at The Washington Post's "Under God" blog reports that Faithful America's petition calling for Kansas House Speaker Michael O'Neal to resign now......
By Frederick Clarkson (3 comments)
Alabama State Senator: Pay Increases for Teachers are Against 'Biblical Principle'
This is a new twist on "biblical economics" that I've not heard before.  According to Alabama State Sen. Shadrack McGill, a 62% pay increase......
By Rachel Tabachnick (5 comments)
Wagner Recognized by Delaware House for Commissioning Apostles (Copy of Tribute Included)
This morning I contacted the offices of Rep. Daniel B. Short and Chief Clerk of the House Richard Puffer and confirmed that C. Peter......
By Rachel Tabachnick (7 comments)
Trial Date Set for Bishop Finn
The trial date for Bishop Robert W. Finn,of the Diocese of Kansas City-St. Joseph, Missouri will be September 24, 2012.  Finn and the diocese......
By Frank Cocozzelli (3 comments)
The Culture of Demonization and Imprecatory Prayer
We have written a great deal here at Talk to Action about the Religious Right culture of conspiracy theory, labeling and demonization as animating......
By Frederick Clarkson (3 comments)
To Bigotry No Sanction, to Persecution No Assistance
As the finale of our extended celebration of Religious Freedom Day, we are honored to welcome George Washington as a guest front pager.  ......
By George Washington (0 comments)
George Barna and the New Apostolic Reformation
Given the secretive nature of the movement, documenting the involvement of public figures in C. Peter Wagner's New Apostolic Reformation can be a time-consuming......
By Bruce Wilson (2 comments)

Harold Caballeros, October 5, 2006, #1
On October 5, 2006, Harold Cabballeros, founder and senior pastor of El Shaddai Church in Guatemala City, spoke at the "Spirit in the World: The Dynamics of Pentecostal Growth and Experience" symposium sponsored by......
Bruce Wilson (0 comments)
Truth Wins Out Reports on Exodus International's Attempt at Rebranding
An extensive report has been posted at Truth Wins Out (TWO) on the rebranding of Exodus International, the discredited and financially strapped pray-away-the-gay organization. The report is titled "The Exodus SmokeScreen" and subtitled, "Exodus......
Rachel Tabachnick (0 comments)
Breast cancer awareness T-shirt prompts dispute at skating rink
crossposted from The Clarion Ledger) http://www.clarionledger.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2012202040 349 ""I am offended as a mother; as the daughter of a cancer patient; as a Christian woman; as a fundraiser and donor of time and money to......
COinMS (0 comments)
Delaware state house Dems distance themselves from Wagner tribute
The Democrats in the Delaware state House of Representatives are in full damage control mode over a tribute given back in January to C. Peter Wagner, a prominent leader of the New Apostolic......
Christian Dem in NC (1 comment)
Is Peter Wagner lying about commendation from state of Delaware?
Those of us who have watched the New Apostolic Reformation have come to expect bizarre claims.  Well, today  C. Peter Wagner made one of the most bizarre claims yet.  He sent out an......
Christian Dem in NC (1 comment)
New dominionist effort to target Hollywood with prayer
In yet more proof that the New Apostolic Reformation is trying to make itself heard in a big way this year, late yesterday several leaders of that movement got together to announce a......
Christian Dem in NC (0 comments)
Santorum Accuses Colleges of Anti-Religious "Indoctrination" But Gingrich Said it First
CBS and other media outlets have pounced on a Rick Santorum claim, that America's colleges and universities are hotbeds of anti-religious "indoctrination", but Newt Gingrich has been saying that for years. As Santorum declared......
Bruce Wilson (2 comments)
Leader of NC gay marriage ban effort, in his own words
cross-posted at dKos One of the leaders of the effort to write a gay marriage ban into North Carolina's constitution is Patrick Wooden, the pastor of Upper Room Church of God in Christ in......
Christian Dem in NC (2 comments)
AFA endorses AIDS denialism
If Public Policy Polling's early numbers are accurate (and there's little reason to doubt they are) Newt Gingrich will likely take the lead in national polling this week.  In light of this, there's......
Christian Dem in NC (1 comment)
Family Research Council chaplain openly calls for non-Christians to be banned from public office
Anyone who's studied the religious right can't help but notice a pattern to how they've operated over the last three decades.  They get a little bit of power, only to overreach and get smacked......
Christian Dem in NC (4 comments)
Cindy Jacobs prophecies divine intervention unless we elect Repubs
Late last week, New Apostolic Reformation "prophetess" Cindy Jacobs announced the yearly "Word of the Lord" from the Apostolic Council of Prophetic Elders.  (h/t to PFAW's Right Wing Watch). This "Word" makes for......
Christian Dem in NC (3 comments)
Robert Jeffress: First Amendment protections invite wrath of God
We already knew that the religious right would like nothing better than to sweep away the First Amendment.  Well, one of its more prominent leaders just came out and said it in terms as......
Christian Dem in NC (3 comments)
Cindy Jacobs announces 2012 prayer initiative--and declares war on separation of church and state
Late last night, Cindy Jacobs announced the formation of a major prayer drive with the goal of influencing the election.  The campaign, called "FastForward," is sponsored by her newly formed United States Reformation Prayer......
Christian Dem in NC (2 comments)
Personhood returns
Having soundly been defeated at the ballot box, the Personhood initiative in Mississippi has been resurrected via the new governor of Mississippi, Phil Bryant and his allies in the state government. For the first......
COinMS (0 comments)
Exposing The Dark Side Of Tupelo MS
It’s really ironic that the so-called Christian Religious Right (ie., AFA) are seemingly dedicated to the unnecessary bashing of Paganism when Pagans made such a well-documented historical contribution toward the rise of Christianity. For......
AlBratt (0 comments)

More Diaries...




All trademarks and copyrights on this page are owned by their respective companies. Comments, posts, stories, and all other content are owned by the authors. Everything else © 2005 Talk to Action, LLC. Powered by Scoop