The following list has been developed over the years at PRA, and this is the version I use:

What are the basic building blocks of a successful social movement:

• A discontented group of politicized persons who share the perception that they have common grievances they want society to address;
• A powerful and lucid ideological vision linked to strategies and tactics that have some reasonable chance of success;
• The recruitment of people into the movement through pre-existing social, political, and cultural networks;
• A core group of trusted strategic leaders and local activists who effectively mobilize, organize, educate, and communicate with the politicized mass base;
• The efficient mobilization of resources that are available, or can be developed, to assist the movement to meet its goals;
• An institutional infrastructure integrating political coordination, research and policy think tanks, training centers, conferences, and alternative media.
• Opportunities in the larger political and social scene that can be exploited by movement leaders and activists;
• The skillful framing of ideas and slogans for multiple audiences such as leaders, members, potential recruits, policymakers, and the general public.
• An attractive movement culture that creates a sense of community through mass rituals, celebrations, music, drama, poetry, art, and narrative stories about past victories, current struggles, and future successes.
• The ability of recruits to craft a coherent and functional identity as a movement participant.

This list is based on the work of Goffman, Zald, McCarthy, Meyer, Gamson, Snow, McAdam, Benford, Klandermans, Johnston, Ewick, Silbey, Polletta, and many other scholars. The list is part of a page on how social movements work at PRA's PublicEye.org website, which itself reflects input from a study on mapping social movements for women donors conducted by PRA founder Jean Hardisty with Ana Perea. A few years ago I wrote about the practical outcomes of movement building by the U.S. Political Right for Z Magazine in an article titled: "Social Movements Need An Infrastructure To Succeed":

The U.S. Human Rights Network observes, “human rights are protected through building social movements.” Now we have a practical demonstration that human rights can be undermined through building backlash counter-movements. Central to the conservative plan was understanding that social movements pull political movements toward them, not the other way around. Social movements are often involved in politics, but they step beyond the limits of the electoral and legislative system to use other means ranging from demonstrations to civil disobedience and beyond.

Conservative strategists studied how the labor movement had yanked the Roosevelt administration into crafting a social safety net in the 1930s. They studied how the civil rights movement had whacked the Democratic Party in the north into pulling away from the segregationist demands of the southern Democratic Party “Dixiecrats.” So conservatives decided to build a right-wing social movement to pull the Republican Party to the right. It worked. 

Instead of learning this lesson, Democratic Party strategists have raised millions of dollars to fund inside-the-beltway policy think tanks that do publicity and opposition research rather than building a network of social movements to create an actual base. These Democratic Party strategists are Wrong About the Right, according to an article by Jean Hardisty & Deepak Bhargava. More on this in a later post.

For now the obvious lesson is that the more we know about how social movements actually gain power, the more likely we are to build successful counter-movements

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Ground Rules and Tips for Challenging the Right

Making Distinctions - Seeing Possibilities (1)
Recognize that the Right is a Complex Movement (2)
Respecting the Right to Hold Religious Beliefs You Find Offensive (3)
Decode the Right's Agenda on Your Issue (4a)
Ideology, Frames, and Narratives in Right-Wing Social Movements (4b)
How do Social Movements Gain Political Power? (4c)

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Chip Berlet, Senior Analyst, Political Research Associates
The Public Eye: Website of Political Research Associates --- Chip's Blog

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